Geometry, Allometry and Biomechanics of Fern Leaf Petioles: Their Significance for the Evolution of Functional and Ecological Diversity Within the Pteridaceae

Herbaceous plants rely on a combination of turgor, ground Vinegar Cruets/Pourers tissues and geometry for mechanical support of leaves and stems.Unlike most angiosperms however, ferns employ a sub-dermal layer of fibers, known as a hypodermal sterome, for support of their leaves.The sterome is nearly ubiquitous in ferns, but nothing is known about

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Immune receptor toll-like receptor 4 contributes to stress-induced affective responses in a sex-specific manner

Stress activates innate immune Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and enhances susceptibility to depression, a condition that is more prevalent in females.The TLR4 receptor type is involved in inflammatory responses and its expression levels associate with depressive symptoms and their successful treatment.Yet, little preclinical research has examined the

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